Canada is the second-largest country in the world by land area, covering approximately 9.98 million square kilometers. It is located in North America, bordered by the United States of America to the south, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. The country is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with the British monarch serving as the head of state. Canada was initially inhabited by various Indigenous peoples before European explorers arrived in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. French and British colonies were established, with the British ultimately gaining control after the Seven Years' War ended in 1763.
The Dominion of Canada was officially formed on July 1, 1867, through the British North America Act, now known as the Constitution Act. Initially comprising Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, Canada has since expanded to include ten provinces and three territories. The nation maintains two official languages, English and French, reflecting its colonial heritage, and it has a multicultural society due in part to its history of immigration.
Canada has a mixed-market economy and is one of the wealthiest nations in the world, with a high standard of living and strong social support systems, including universal healthcare. Its economy is diversified, with key sectors including natural resources (such as oil and mining), manufacturing, and services. It is a member of the Commonwealth, the United Nations, NATO, the G7, and many other international organizations.
Known for its stunning natural landscapes, Canada is rich in biodiversity and home to a wide array of wildlife. The nation is considered one of the most socially progressive countries in the world, ranking high in measures of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, and education. Despite its many successes, Canada faces challenges including addressing Indigenous rights, managing environmental concerns, and adapting to a changing global landscape.
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