Dhyāna (Sanskrit ध्यान, Pāli: Jhāna, ඣාන) refers to meditative absorption, a key concept in both Buddhist and Hindu traditions, representing deep states of concentration and mental clarity achieved through focused meditation. In Buddhism, dhyāna is a critical component of the path to enlightenment, forming part of the Eightfold Path under the practice of right concentration (sammā samādhi).
The term dhyāna is derived from the Sanskrit root dhyai, meaning “to contemplate” or “to meditate.” It refers to a series of progressively deeper meditative states, characterized by increasing levels of mental stillness and one-pointed concentration. In these states, the mind becomes detached from sensory inputs and ordinary conceptual thought, allowing the practitioner to experience profound inner calm and clarity.
In the Buddhist context, the practice of dhyāna is closely associated with the cultivation of samatha (calm abiding meditation) and is typically divided into four dhyāna levels or stages. These stages represent a gradual refinement of mental concentration, marked by the reduction of mental distractions and the enhancement of joy, tranquility, and equanimity:
In the Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna traditions, dhyāna plays a vital role in advanced meditative practices, often combined with vipassanā (insight meditation) to deepen understanding of the true nature of reality (śūnyatā, or emptiness). In Vajrayāna, the practitioner may also employ dhyāna as part of visualization and deity yoga practices aimed at realizing the union of wisdom and compassion.
While the word dhyāna is commonly used in the Buddhist context, it also has significant importance in other Indian spiritual traditions. In Hinduism, for example, dhyāna is an integral part of the yogic path, leading to the ultimate goal of samādhi, or union with the divine.
The term dhyāna is also the root for the Chinese word “Chán” and the Japanese word “Zen,” indicating the central importance of meditation in these Buddhist schools.
Sanskrit Devanagari:
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