Sankhya is one of the six orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy, traditionally attributed to the sage Kapila. It is known for its analytical approach and dualistic framework, emphasizing the distinction between Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter). Sankhya is considered one of the oldest philosophical systems in India, with its roots tracing back to the early Vedic texts.

Core Concepts:

  1. Dualism: Sankhya posits a clear distinction between Purusha (the eternal, passive observer or consciousness) and Prakriti (the active, unconscious principle or nature). The interaction between these two results in the evolution of the universe.
  2. Evolution of the Universe: According to Sankhya, the universe evolves through the interaction of Purusha and Prakriti. Prakriti undergoes transformation, manifesting into the material world through a series of stages, which include the Mahat (cosmic intelligence), Ahamkara (ego), and the Panchabhutas (five gross elements).
  3. Twenty-Five Principles: Sankhya outlines twenty-five principles (Tattvas) that constitute reality, including Purusha, Prakriti, and the evolutes of Prakriti like the mind, senses, and elements.
  4. Theory of Knowledge: Sankhya emphasizes three sources of valid knowledge (Pramanas): perception (Pratyaksha), inference (Anumana), and testimony (Shabda). These are crucial in understanding the nature of reality and the distinction between Purusha and Prakriti.
  5. Liberation (Moksha): In Sankhya, liberation is achieved when Purusha realizes its distinct and independent nature from Prakriti, leading to the cessation of suffering and the cycle of rebirth.

Influence and Legacy:

Sankhya has had a profound influence on other Indian philosophical systems, including Yoga, Vedanta, and Buddhism. It provides the metaphysical framework for the Yoga school, where the practical methods of Yoga are used to achieve the knowledge and liberation described in Sankhya. Despite being a foundational philosophy, the original texts of Sankhya, like the Sankhya Karika by Ishvarakrishna, are few, and much of its teachings have been transmitted through other works and interpretations.

Hindu Lexicon

Purusha

Prakriti

Sankhya

Vedanta